Nheyo inopenya ye LED

Zvesemwenje webasa unochajwazve, mwenje wemusasa unotakurikauyerambi remusoro rine mabasa akawandaShandisa rudzi rwebharubhu re LED. Kuti unzwisise musimboti we diode led, tanga wanzwisisa ruzivo rwekutanga rwema semiconductors. Hunhu hwe semiconductor hunoshanda huri pakati pema conductors nema insulators. Zvinhu zvayo zvakasiyana ndeizvi: kana semiconductor ikakurudzirwa nechiedza chekunze nemamiriro ekupisa, kugona kwayo kufambisa magetsi kunochinja zvakanyanya; Kuwedzera huwandu hushoma hwetsvina kune semiconductor yakachena kunowedzera zvakanyanya kugona kwayo kufambisa magetsi. Silicon (Si) ne germanium (Ge) ndiwo ma semiconductors anonyanya kushandiswa mumagetsi emazuva ano, uye ma electrins avo ekunze mana. Kana maatomu e silicon kana germanium akaumba kristaro, maatomu ari pedyo anodyidzana, zvekuti ma electrins ekunze anogovaniswa nemaatomu maviri, ayo anoumba chimiro che covalent bond mukristaro, inova chimiro che molecular chine kugona kushoma kwekudzora. Pakupisa kwemukamuri (300K), thermal excitation ichaita kuti mamwe ma electrins ekunze awane simba rakakwana rekubuda kubva pa covalent bond uye ave ma free electrons, maitiro aya anonzi intrinsic excitation. Mushure mekunge electron yasunungurwa kuti ive free electron, nzvimbo isina chinhu inosara mu covalent bond. Iyi nzvimbo isina chinhu inonzi gomba. Kuonekwa kwegomba chinhu chakakosha chinosiyanisa semiconductor kubva kune conductor.

Kana huwandu hushoma hwe pentavalent uncleanness hwakaita se phosphorus hukawedzerwa kune intrinsic semiconductor, huchava ne extra electron mushure mekuumba covalent bond nemamwe ma semiconductor atoms. Iyi extra electron inongoda simba diki chete kuti ibvise bond uye ive free electron. Rudzi urwu rwe uncleanness semiconductor runonzi electronic semiconductor (N-type semiconductor). Zvisinei, kuwedzera huwandu hushoma hwe trivalent elemental impurity (yakadai se boron, nezvimwewo) kune intrinsic semiconductor, nekuti ine ma electron matatu chete mu outer layer, mushure mekuumba covalent bond nema semiconductor atoms akakomberedza, zvichaita kuti pave ne vacancy mu crystal. Rudzi urwu rwe uncleanness semiconductor runonzi hole semiconductor (P-type semiconductor). Kana N-type ne P-type semiconductors zvabatanidzwa, pane musiyano mu concentration yema free electrons nemaburi pajunction yavo. Ma electron nemaburi ese ari maviri anopararira akananga ku concentration yakaderera, zvichisiya ma charged asi immobile ions anoparadza electrical neutral yekutanga yenzvimbo dzeN-type neP-type. Zvidimbu izvi zvisingafambi zvine chaji zvinowanzonzi space charges, uye zvakaungana pedyo neinterface yenzvimbo dzeN neP kuti zvigadzire nzvimbo yakatetepa kwazvo yespace charge, inozivikanwa sePN junction.

Kana voltage ye "forward bias" ikashandiswa kumativi ese ePN junction (voltage yakanaka kune rimwe divi reP-type), maburi nema "free electrons" zvinofamba-famba, zvichigadzira munda wemagetsi wemukati. Maburi matsva anopinzwa anobva abatana zvakare nema "free electrons", dzimwe nguva achiburitsa simba rakawandisa muchimiro chema "photons", iro riri chiedza chatinoona chichiburitswa nema "LEDs". Spectrum yakadaro yakamanikana, uye sezvo chinhu chimwe nechimwe chine "band gap" yakasiyana, ma wavelengths ema "photons" anoburitswa akasiyana, saka mavara ema "LEDs" anotsanangurwa nezvinhu zvepakutanga zvinoshandiswa.